Roman Gladiators

The Gladiators in general were either condemned criminals, prisoners of war, slaves brought for the purpose of the games and people who volunteered on their own will. The gladiatorial games reached their peak between the 1st century BCE and the 2nd century CE. Men who committed a capital crime were sent to the gladiatorial arena without a weapon defending themselves with their bare hands. The men who did not commit a capital crime were sent to training schools called Ludi. The earliest training schools were in Campania. At these schools they did not teach them to kill people but instead taught them to disable and capture their opponent. Criminals who trained in the schools were allowed to pick their own weapon and defence. If they survived a couple of years without dying they would receive freedom. The gladiators had to do what their owners (Lanista) told them to do otherwise they would be punished either by no food or beaten up. The gladiators were given adequate food supplies eating 3-4 times a day and received medical care. The Roman militaries success in war meant a big haul in of prisoners of war for the use in the gladiatorial games. Men who entered the games by free will had to take an oath in which they had to agree to the consequences of the game. This oath was: Being branded. Being chained. Being killed by an iron weapon. To pay for their food and drink they received with their blood and to suffer things even if they did not wish to. In the morning season of the games the Bestiarii or combatants who were taught to fight against animals were sent into the ring to fend for their lives against animals such as lions, tigers and bulls. Thousands of animals were slaughtered due to this proceeding. After these battles, unlucky men who had committed capital crimes were executed in front of the whole crowd by a sword. The winner of the gladiator battles received a palm branch form the editor. If he was outstanding he may even receive a laurel crown and money but the most sought-after award was the wooden training sword or staff given by the editor. There were many different types of gladiators. The Thracian gladiators were prisoners who were sent to Capua to train for the games in amphitheatres. Their uniform consisted of light leather for the body, little helmet, light shoes and a small round shield. They were trained to run around their opponents this is why they only had light gear. They had great mobility and stamina. Reziarius were equipped with a long net which was used to trip and trap their opponents, a fuscina (trident) which was their offensive weapon. They also had a small dagger which they used to give the final blow. They wore leather for protection and no helmet or shield to deflect their opponents strikes this is why they had to by agile and fit. The Dimacheri had two short swords and only two short leather arm guards to protect themselves. Speed was their speciality, they ran around their opponent and quickly evaded them making the opponent tired before killing him. Sannita were part of the heavy uniform gladiators. They wore a metal plate to protect the chest a long shield, a helmet with a grid to cover the eyes and a long sword to attack. These gladiators were slow but effective within the ring. The Generic gladiators had no particular skill they were used to fill up the space when the event went the whole day or more. Other types of gladiators include the Provocatores, Sesterziarii, Catervrii, Mirmillion, Essedarii, Paegnaria (dwarfs). The weapons of the gladiators consist of fascina(harpoon), galea(visored helmet), galerus(metal shoulder piece), gladius(sword), hasta(lance), iaculum(net), manicae(leather elbow or wrist bands),parma(round shield) ,scutum(large shield) and sica(curved scimitar).

Admission Services – Admission Essay

Everybody in life faces some challenges and difficulties which become a learning experience for them for future situations. We, humans, learn through our mistakes and the experiences that we go through. I have had such an experience at a very young age and it has enabled me to be around people with different cultural backgrounds and who share different views.When I was about ten years old, I had gone to America. Without any knowledge of what I would get to see and no hold on English I was afraid of how I will meet people and be able to communicate. I thought that since I’m different I will be treated differently and not accepted so easily. When a people do not know what is in store for them, they have an unreasonable or innate fear of being rejected or feel that they might not be socially accepted. I felt the same way when I went to America.however I decided that I will not let the barrier of language and knowledge about the country make my time here difficult, I decided to le arn the language, meet people, ask them anything I didn’t know or couldn’t understand. When I started being open and accepting towards the people, I realized that o got the same response. I was welcomed and embraced with love and respect.If I ever go anywhere to study now, I will be able to make friends more easily and be more social and outgoing. This will in return help me be more knowledgeable and free to be myself. When I had not gone to America, I had a fear of being socially unaccepted, but that experience had made me a more confident person and I’m no more shy and hesitant in my nature.This confidence boost was what I needed in life and this experience will surely help me when I go for further studies and external or foreign education programs. Admission services – Admission Essay This paper aims to tell about an external influence (a person, an event, etc.) that affected me and how it caused me to change direction based on     Newton’s First Law of Motion which states that an object in motion tends to stay in motion in the same direction unless acted upon by an external force.America is said to be the land of opportunities and indeed it is true as I now find myself wanting to become a bigger person in my dreams and accomplishments compared when I was in Korea. My coming to America I believe, have really allowed me to see a bigger and different world which changed my direction in life.The land of opportunities must be therefore closely associated to the world of business and that is where I want to go. This is motivating me therefore to pursue a study in business.I would like to believe that the world of business is governed by rules and laws which one must understand if one wants to venture into it.   Having the economic issues such as recession and lowering of interest rates by the Federal Reserve of the United States are not easy to understand and could not be easily learned by experience.Although it is said that experience is the best teacher, I would like to believe that having a formal education when business has become more globalized is the better route to faster learning if one wants to succeed in business.Given the big and complicated world of business I am motivated to become one of its players or participants in the future to come. I am looking forward therefore into putting my own business as one of the great ends after perhaps spending good experience from employment.I believe that the undergraduate business program of the University of Southern California[1] would help me to attain my dream to become successful in the field of business considering its name and experience as a university.I believe that the success of America as an economic power lies also in the academic freedom enjoyed by the schools and unive rsities     in bestowing the best kind of education to its students. If my coming to America has indeed caused me to change direction based on  Ã‚   Newton’s First Law of Motion, I believe that enrolling in one of its famous universities must be a great step to benefit from that change that would allow me to be what I want.I have the highest hope of nurturing my dreams in America and I believe I am adaptable to the change.   At a certain sense I believe I am one of the fortunate foreigners who would be able to make it here in America. The fact that I see the opportunities must be a strong indication of my leading to my long-term success.I therefore agree with Charles Darwin when he said that survival will belong not to the strongest and not even to the most intellectual but to those who would be most able to adapt to change.Reference:University of Southern California (2007), Undergraduate Degree Program, {www document} URL,  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.usc.edu/dept/publicat ions/cat2007/undergraduate/degree_programs_list.html, Accessed January 23, 2008 [1] University of Southern California (2007), Undergraduate Degree Program, {www document} URL,  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.usc.edu/dept/publications/cat2007/undergraduate/degree_programs_list.html, Accessed January 23, 2008

The Factors That Have Led To Financial Crisis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1818 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The world had faced two major financial disasters during 20th century. The first crisis happened during 1920-30, which mainly affected the developed countries like Europe and America. Second crisis started in 1997 and stayed till 1999, mainly affected developing economies of Asia pacific. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Factors That Have Led To Financial Crisis" essay for you Create order The recent financial crisis which has awakened the whole world mainly resulted from unregulated financial market. It has created serious anxiety because it falls outwards from U.S, the starting point. Alan Greenspan recently called it a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“once-in-a-century credit tsunamià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, born of a collapse deep inside the US housing sector. In order to avoid complete meltdown, governments and central banks worked day and night. Trillions of dollars have been allocated to financial institutions by the governments to recover from the crisis in the United States alone Who were the culprits of financial crisis? It is impossible to held just single factor responsible for such a big mass in the absence of other factors. In my research i want to analyse the contribution of each factor but the questions arise in my mind is How did Lehman Brother, the fourth largest investment bank in USA failed? Why majority of financial institutions failed in compare to other institutions? This surly point towards irresponsible activities by financial institutions in their main business à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"LENDINGà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. So focus of my research is to find out the dominant role of easy lending in present crisis along with other factors. The effect of financial crisis 2008 was such sever that even allocating huge amount to address the issues proven insufficient to resolve it. Congress approved $700 billion in response to the problem. Federal reserve spend $1.3 trillion to bail out markets and institution that includes investments in risky assets, loans to bankrupt institutions, sharing such debt which were defaulting at faster rates (Morris, 2008). A further $900 billion were allocated as lending to large corporations (Aversa, 2008), reaching the total of nearly $3 trillion as bailout package so far, without even adding the big amount of corporate debt promised by the U.S government year before the crisis An understanding of the root causes of this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“colossal failureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? that has put à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the entire financial systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ at riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Woellert and Kopecki, 2008) is necessary to avoid such failures in the future. Number of factors can be held responsible for financial crisis which emerged over number of years. Causes proposed include the following sub-prime mortgages/ easy lending Poor credit rating Failure of regulators Shadow banking Securitization Credit default swap Mortgage backed securities Assets backed commercial paper etc . Aims and Objective Aim of this research is to understand the root causes of financial crisis particularly lending practises as a major factor. Objective To explore the history of financial crisis To evaluate who were the victims and culprits of financial crisis Impact of financial crisis on other countries (UK, USA, India, Japan) What steps are being taken by government to overcome crisis What could be done to prevent repetition of crisis in future? Literature Review: How did we get to this point? Surprisingly it all started from residential mortgages in the U.S. It had become apparent from 2004 that mortgages issued to majority of consumers did not make any rational sense. Situation was more worsted by so called mortgage brokers who issued mortgages to many insolvent consumers in order to generate outsized fees. On other hand new financial vehicles called mortgage-backed securities (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“MBSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?) rated by well know credit rating agencies were introduced by Wall Street. These high yielding mortgage-backed securities were bought by investors from all over the world which increased funding for new mortgages. Appraiser ignored all rules to meet the increasing demand of mortgage applications. Federal Reserve board appointed by congress in 1994 to regulate mortgage lenders decided to watch the game from pavilion. Finally as the bubble accelerates, there is necessary reckoning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" house prices collapsed. This is how g reediness and irresponsibility resulted into a biggest financial crisis (Schmudde, 2008). Sub-prime mortgages which are always blamed for financial crisis is only a component of the deeper problem. The value of credit default swaps, which was originally estimated to be $55 trillion by the securities and exchange ( 4 times higher then the actual figure) are totally unregulated and majority of them were contracted over the phone without any verification, is the root cause from which all the problems of crisis started (Simon, 2008). Regulators had forecasted the problem of present crisis years in advance were not taken seriously because of the successful business by the same financial institutions which are either bankrupt or funded by the government (Associated Press, 2008). According to Bernanke (2009) and Portes (2009) global imbalances are the fundamental cause of the crisis and it is not possible to fully understand present crisis without considering the issue of global imba lances. As per Jagannathan, Kapoor, and Schaumberg (2009) imbalances in labour supply can assist to understand the present crisis. Acharya and Richardson(2009), and Acharya and Schnabl (2009) argue that banks were suppose to transfer the risks to end investors while securitising, particularly in the case of asset-backed commercial paper and purchase of AAA-rated tranches but they never did which led them to huge pool of credit risks. Schmudde (2009) documents that no verification of consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s income were done while issuing sub-prime mortgages. Many of them were issued for or close to 100% of the house price. Even borrowers with bad credit history easily managed to get mortgages. This is one of the reasons for huge growth in subprime mortgages which increased from $35 billion to $807 billion between1995 to 2005. According to Bartlett (2008) decline of US subprime mortgage triggered the crisis, the impact of the down fall was tremendous; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mark-to-marke t losses on mortgage backed securities, collateralized debt obligations, and related assets through March 2008 were approximate $945 billion.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? He further said that it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The largest financial loss in historyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, in compared to $780 billion of 1990 Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s banking crisis, lost accrued from Asian crisis of 1997-98 about $420 billion. . While explaining the reason how did this crisis turn into a global crisis, Khatiwada and McGirr (2008) stated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Many of these Sub-prime mortgages actually never made it on the balance sheets of the lending Institutions that originated themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?; and such mortgages by rating them high were made attractive to world investors, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“when sub-prime borrowers failed to repay their mortgages, the originating institution needed to finance the foreclosure with their own money, bringing the asset back on its balance sheet. This left many banks in a financially unviable situati on, in a rather short, unmanageable timeframeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. According to Mian and Sufi (2008) increased demand for mortgage backed securities led to lending boom which is the root cause of present crisis. Whalen (2008) argues that three main factors are at the root of the problem. First, many companies, banks, and government agencies were encouraged to increase the viability of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“affordable housingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by introducing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“creative financing techniquesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Second, big number of over-the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"counter derivatives and securities were issued by majority of financial institutions due to huge support by the regulators, led to a breakdown in safety and soundness at banks and securities lenders. And the last factor is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fir value accountingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? an ill-advised by Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the financial accounting standards board (FASB) to all public company to change the reporting standa rds. The nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s biggest subprime lender, Ameriquest Mortgage co., gave more then US$20 million as a political donation. Other financial institutions like citigroup inc., wells Fargo co., donated huge amount on political side and on lobbying. This donation helped these institutions to persuade legislators to pass predatory-lending laws which might have contributed to present crisis to some extent (Simpson, 2007). According to Shiller (2008) the following factors played very big role in present crisis: Strategy of home ownership which encourage even those who could not afford one. The link between mortgage originator and receiver of payments broke due to mortgage securitization. Because of this there was no reason for mortgage originator to verify the solvency of borrowers. Many loans were issued at low interest rate or even at zero rates with the use of new financial techniques but afterwards rate were increased too high. Research Methodology Methodology plays a very crucial role in how research will be carried out. Methodology is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an explanation of why you collected certain data, what data you collected, from where you collected it, when you collected it, how you collected it and how you analysed ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Collins, 2003). The researcher requires an interviewer or observer skills to gather data in the qualitative methods. This method requires collecting and analysing the data and applying the statistical tests (Riley, 2004). Qualitative research interprets opinion of the people in the sample, their way of looking at the subject, what they feel about subject and the dynamic interpret feeling on the subjects (Guari, 2005). The quantitative method mainly uses research instruments to gather, analyse and measure the data. Quantitative approach is more subjective approach. Quantitative approach includes analysing and reflecting on perception to understand social and human activities (Collins, 2003). The m ain purpose of this chapter is to explain and justify the primary research method which I have chosen to carry out my research. This chapter will also explain the significance of secondary data and state what sources of secondary data i will be using. Source of Acquisition of data Primary data Primary data collection means to collect new data of subjects for specific purpose. The different methods of collecting primary data are questionnaire, interview and sampling (Saunders, 2003). For my research it is very important to get some primary data to understand the topic in practical sense. By taking interview of the head of financial institution, will add extra value to my research and will broaden my understanding of topic as a whole. I will be collecting my primary data through interview with Mr Mitesh Sheth, Deputy Head of Henderson Global Investors. The main focus of interview will be to get their opinion about how did this crisis started, what was there response etc. I am also trying to contact few other key people but too early to mention anything about them yet. Secondary Data Secondary data means data collected previously for some purpose. The main sources of such data are library, internet, articles, business journals, research organization (Saunders, 2003). Methods of data analysis After collecting primary and secondary data the next stage is to evaluate or analyse the collected data. To convert data into graphs will be the easiest way to analyse the data. Hypothesis I will be analysing total amount of lending by US banks to solvent and insolvent borrowers and comparing their rate of default to conclude my research. Work Plan   Proposal submit 21st June literate review 31st July Preparation for interview 5th August Interview of selected person 10th August Analysis of data 20th August Start writing reports 15th September Draft report 10th October Final report October end On successfully completion of my dissertation I hope to come to a positive conclusion. I will utilise all the recourses available to me in order to draw out conclusion. Such as charts, graphs, historical data, interview, questionnaires etc.

Alcoholism An Exploration Of Alcoholism - 2043 Words

Rachel Hines Mr. Allen Period 6/7 3 June 2015 One Drink Too Many: An Exploration of Alcoholism Many adults can enjoy a drink or two from time to time without any issues, but just one drink can cause over seventeen million Americans’ lives to spiral out of control. Though most people do not have issues with drinking alcoholic beverages, many have a condition which causes their brain to function differently when they consume alcohol. This disease can be deadly for both the alcoholic and those around them. Alcoholism can control someone’s life, and even though it is a societal issue that is still being addressed, more people are seeking treatment to better themselves. Alcoholism, excessive consumption of alcohol that results in dependence, is caused by genetics and environmental factors that result in harmful effects on the body of the drinker and the safety of society; however, therapy and support groups are helping alcoholics recover today, and medications undergoing trial could allow them to live normal lives in th e future. Alcoholism is a major social issue around the world today. The ProQuest Staff of SIRS Researcher defines alcoholism as excessive use of alcohol that eventually results in dependence, or addiction where the body craves a drug. There are roughly 140 million alcoholics currently in the world, which results in higher rates of crime, abuse, illness, car crashes, and lower productivity in work (ProQuest Staff). According to Dr. Mark Willenbring, mostShow MoreRelatedThe Base Of Ethical Analysis Of Alcoholism1012 Words   |  5 Pagesdone this task on the base of ethical analysis of alcoholism. 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An Effective Total Rewards Program For Increase Profitability

Organizations that use a salesforce to help promote its business for increase profitability are challenged to develop a compensation plan that aligns the company’s overall goals. A sales compensation plan is more than a tactical focus, but it is a strategic focus for an organization to that enables the company to remain competitive in the business industry (Thoreson, 2014). State Farm was founded in 1922 by G.J. Merchele, as an auto insurance company. Today, it is one of the leading providers of insurance and financial services with more than 18,000 agents that serve almost 82 million policies and accounts all over the United States (Statefarm.com, 2015). State farm offers several employee incentive programs that allow small business owners to give back to its employees (Statefarm.com, 2015). In this paper, the author will describe the six features of an effective total rewards program that can contribute to motivating a sale force to produce a high number of clients. The auth or will describe the behaviors of the sales force that are targeted with the compensation plan. This paper will assess how a value proposition is achieved for current and future employees in the outlined plan. Lastly, the author will indicate how future salespeople may be attracted to this plan. Six features of an effective total rewards program The sales organization within a company may require the involvement of the HR department to ensure that the organization’s compensation plan is aligned withShow MoreRelatedTotal Rewards1512 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Assignment 1 Geico Total Rewards Program Case Study Advantages to a Total Rewards Approach There are several advantages to using a total rewards approach to compensating the workforce. The top five are described in the text (pp. 15—17). The following paragraphs discuss the facets of the Geico total rewards program that align with these advantages: The first facet is â€Å"Health and Well-Being†. 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The project scope of Title IV of theRead MoreBsa 310 Kudler Frequent Shopper Program1557 Words   |  7 Pages Kudler also desires to increase the consumer purchase cycle which they hope will result in an increase of both profitability as well as loyalty. Kudler s latest idea to increase its revenue is to implement a customer rewards program that will record customer purchases that will and allow them to monitor trends in purch asing that will allow to customize their purchasing to allow them to satisfy the customers better. Prior to implementing the customer rewards program, Kudler s will be forced

Alfred Stieglitz The Steerage free essay sample

Against this horizontally are implementers vertical and nearly vertical elements that create trapezoids and triangles. The large mast is the most dominant of these upright diagonals. Its complement is the narrow, crescent-topped pole holding up the gangway, as well as the stanchions leaning to and fro on the gangway, the handrails of the metal staircase, and the many standing figures on both levels. The result is a formal organization that is all at once ponderous and weightless.The effect is off massive structure suspended within the frame, attached (as it were) where the center beam touches the left and right edges. This beam becomes a kind of a pivoting axis on which the whole scene is liable to swing forward and backward into space, as if to mimic the lapping movements of the vessel. 3. What is the creators intention? How can you tell? From my research of Alfred Zeitgeist, his intentions behind this photograph were, as said 35 years after the photo was taken, He was watching the men and women and children on the lower steerage deck. We will write a custom essay sample on Alfred Stieglitz The Steerage or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Only men were on the upper deck. The whole scene fascinated me. I longed to escape from my surroundings and join these people. You can tell that Zeitgeist is detached from what is happening in the photograph because of the distance he puts between himself and what is happening in the scene. 4. In what way(s) does the visual medium present the message that a written text message could not? Zeitgeist was a pioneer of modern photography and was always willing to experiment with new ideas. Also during that time many magazines and newspapers were writing about the problem of the crowding of steerage on immigration.Pictures are much more hard hitting than words, and for people o see the over crowding of steerage, it is much more affective than text on the subject. 6. Does the photograph condemn or celebrate the immigration movement? Would qualify this argument to say that it neither condemns nor celebrates, but demonstrates the tactful ability of the passengers to endure life immigrating to the United States. The reason why would qualify this argument is because Zeitgeist does not take the photo to show the terribleness of the lower class living space. If he had, the photo would have looked much more different.

The Digestive System Anatomy Review Essay Example

The Digestive System: Anatomy Review Essay The Digestive System: Anatomy Review 1. List two main divisions of the digestive system. a. Gastrointestinal tract b. Accessory digestive 2. The four main layers of the digestive tract wall are a. Mucosa b. Submucosa c. Muscularis Externa d. Serosa 3. Label the diagram below with the four main layers you listed in question 6. 4. The mucosa includes a type of columnar __cell______that forms the inner lining of the lumen 5. Blood and lymph vessels of the mucosa are found in its _epithelial cell_ connective tissue layer. . The function of epithelial goblet cells is to secrete _substances used in digestion_. 7. _Enteroendocrine_ cells of the mucosa secrete hormones into the blood. 8. Absorption of nutrients occurs through the mucosal epithelium and into either _blood capillaries_ or _lymph vessels_ vessels. 9. Using the following diagram, label the vessels you listed in the previous question. 10. The built-in (intrinsic) network of nerve cells in the submucosa is the _submucosal plexus. 11. The two types of movements produced by contractions of the muscularis externa are _peristalsis_and _segmentation_. 12. List the four regions of the stomach: a. _cardia_________ b. _fundus________ c. _body_________ d. _pyloric region_ 13. List the three sheets of muscle in the stomach’s muscularis externa: a. _ longitudinal muscle layer b. _ circular muscle layer c. _ oblique muscle layer 14. Label the three sheets of muscle in the stomach’s muscularis externa in the diagram below. 15. List, in order from the pylorus to the colon, the three regions of the small intestine: a. _duodenum b. _jejunum c. _ileum 16. From largest to smallest, list the three modifications of the small intestine’s inner wall that function to increase surface area: a. _plicae circulares b. _villa c. _microvilla 17. Label two of the modifications of the intestine to increase surface area in the diagram below. 18. The microvilli of the small intestine’s epithelial cells form the _brush_ border. 19. We will write a custom essay sample on The Digestive System: Anatomy Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Digestive System: Anatomy Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Digestive System: Anatomy Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Starting from the ileocecal valve, trace the path of undigested material through the large intestine. 20. List the six sphincters of the digestive tract: a. upper esophageal sphincter (UES) b. the cardiac sphincter c. the pyloric sphincter d. the ileocecal sphincter e. the involuntary f. voluntary anal sphincters. 21. The single digestive function of the liver is to produce _bile_. 22. The main digestive enzyme-producing organ in the body is the _pancreas_. 23. Three pairs of _salivary glands_ function to moisten food in the mouth.